Nutrition Research Paper free essay sample

The supplements in our eating routine give us vitality and are fundamental for our development and capacity. The six classes of supplements are water, sugars, fats, proteins, minerals, and nutrients. Water capacities in transport, concoction responses, temperature support, grease and so forth. Sugars work in being a wellspring of vitality and as a structure hinder for different supplements. Fats are utilized for vitality, a wellspring of warmth, protection, and body insurance. Proteins are the most essential auxiliary unit and are required in digestion, hormone, counter acting agent, and DNA creation. Minerals are utilized to shape many body structures. Most nutrients have different capacities in the body including digestion, protein responses, and so on. Be that as it may, the measure of every supplement required shifts by individual. Each individual’s vitality necessities are extraordinary. Elements that impact this distinction include: age, sex, and movement level. For instance, a grown-up competitor would require a bigger number of calories than a respectably dynamic baby in light of the fact that the grown-up would consume more vitality through thorough exercise. We will compose a custom article test on Nourishment Research Paper or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Knowing this, finding the right eating regimen can be troublesome yet there are two valuable assets for those attempting to design out a fair eating routine. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is a book about proposals that are expected to assist individuals with picking a general sound eating routine. The Food Guide Pyramid is a blueprint of what to eat every day dependent on the Dietary Guidelines. On the food pyramid, food is gathered into five significant gatherings. All together from generally imperative to the least, the gatherings are: grains, vegetables, natural products, milk amp; dairy, and meat amp; beans. The nutritional categories are introduced looking like a pyramid for a reason. The pyramid shape imagines the serving sum one needs from each gathering. In the course of recent decades, youth stoutness rates in America have significantly increased. This happened on the grounds that legitimate eating routine is hard to adjust, and numerous Americans are not taught on nourishment. Our first Lady Michelle Obama propelled Let’s Move, a national battle to wipe out youth stoutness, two years prior. Her battle has driven Americans into a scramble for information. Monitoring the supplements essential for the body, following the dietary rules, and the serving size prerequisites on the Food Pyramid could be the way to settling America’s weight issue.

Making an Brainstorming Essays

Making a Brainstorming Essays Making a Brainstorming Essay Making a Brainstorming Essay Making a Brainstorming What is conceptualizing. How do conceptualizing. Conceptualizing as gathering procedure. What is the talk? This method is helpful and guides us when we have picked a subject or a thought, however we’re not certain we’re going to expound on it or we are blocked. Assists with social event thoughts before beginning work. The target with conceptualizing, is â€Å"to list† of everything that rings a bell is identified with the picked point and help us when to begin composing. The most effective method to Brainstorm A few rules that can assist you with playing out this strategy are as per the following. Pick a subject. Set a period (10 minutes most extreme) During that time compose words or expressions that you think identified with the picked subject. In a perfect world, during the time you compose, don't fix anything, however to make thoughts. Passed time, read the rundown and rework what is composed, so they bode well and are identified with the chose theme. On the off chance that you’ve made it, begin working. In this method (or some other picked), the earth ought to be satisfactory. An uproarious or occupied spot not help concentrate. Conceptualizing as a method of gathering As a gathering method is fundamental unconstrained support. This method will create numerous thoughts and answers for a given issue. Other than the capacity of all and not a couple of adventures. Produces a feeling of shared obligation. To my psyche the downpour as gathering strategy to be viable, we should feature a few needs: Underline the amount instead of the nature of the plans to be communicated. Maintain a strategic distance from analysis of the thoughts introduced. Present the thoughts in â€Å"raw† without expand them ahead of time. Acknowledge all thoughts and acknowledge any more â€Å"crazy† they appear. Further investigation, group, select, evaluate and misuse the plans to accomplish the ideal arrangement. It is likewise advantageous to create a casual, free of â€Å"qualifications† as unveiled thoughts. This is important, not to repress the inventiveness of the members. Another approach to play out this gathering method is mysterious. The issue or issue emerges and a â€Å"mailbox† where thoughts are put, this will consider the thought and obscurity, which will give more noteworthy opportunity of articulation is put. At that point the thoughts are taken out and work in gatherings.

Imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers and its contribution in promoting economic growth Essay

Presentation Saudi economy for the most part depends on oil industry and its administration has a lot of command over characteristic assets and principle financial exercises in the land.  Ultimately, the economy of Saudi is midway arranged and in this way has free market economy. As it very well may be attested, oil industry adds to around 45% of the all out spending income thus making it basic to the development of the nation. Till now, Saudi Arabia doesn't believe that there is any requirement for utilization charge be that as it may, the nation may confront numerous issues later on what may influence the economy if the oil dry out.  â â â â â â â â â â An ongoing examination from Citigroup has raised the disturbing chance that Saudi Arabia may turn into a net oil shipper by 2030[Could Saudi Arabia’s Oil Exports Dry Up?, 2012]. Notwithstanding, so as to Find a Solutions to contribute in raising Saudi Arabia economy for since quite a while ago run, and Focusing in another source as opposed to oil.  In request to keep up financial solidness, we need to examine the chance of forcing utilization charge next to zakat on Saudi buyers and how it will contribute in advancing monetary development. Essential idea As per the word reference, Zakat iscalled (Islamic expense) or (strict assessment), it is a yearly duty on Muslims including rates of individual pay of each sort to help the poor in the Muslim community.[zakat] Research point The exploration point is to decide the chance of forcing utilization charge on Saudi customers adjacent to zakat and how it will contribute in advancing monetary development Sub issues; 1.â â â â â How utilization charge contributes in advancing monetary development. A)â â â â Why utilization charge. B)â â â â Mechanism of monetary development. C)â â â â Identify system of advancing financial development by utilization charge. 2.â â â The chance of forcing utilization charge on Saudi buyer. A)â â â Analyze charge framework for advancing monetary development. B)â â â Analyze Zakat framework for advancing monetary development. C)â â â Compare (an) and (b) to decide the chance of forcing utilization charge (the significance or how important is the utilization charge). 3.â â â â Determine the chance of utilizing utilization charge for advancing financial development of Saudi Arabia. Research Objectives As noted in the above data, the primary point or motivation behind directing this examination is to research the chance of forcing utilization charge on Saudi customers close to zakat and how it will contribute in advancing monetary development. The accompanying data gives the goals and research inquiries for the investigation. Øâ â â   To decide the significance of duty especially in advancing the development of economy Øâ â â  To dissect all most ideal and methods for forcing utilization charge on Saudi buyer Øâ â â  To decide the chance of utilizing utilization charge for advancing monetary development of Saudi Arabia Theory Different examinations led on utilization charge have uncovered that utilization charge majorly affects the country’s monetary exercises which can enormously influence financial development, so in this paper we explore how utilization charge contributes in advancing monetary development. We theorized that monumental utilization charge contributes in advancing the development of Saudi Arabia’s economy. We likewise theorized that the distinction between charge framework and zakat framework will contribute in decide the significance of the utilization charge. Writing audit Basically, past research shows a cozy connection between presentation of utilization charge and financial development in a nation. Numerous market analysts contend that impressive an utilization charge suggests increment in government income and therefore increment in the nation GDP which is basic in mirroring the country’s financial development. There are constrained examinations attempted to recognize the connection between charge structures and monetary development, Here is a portion of the related writing:  â â â â â â â â â â Arnold, J. (2008) has centered in considering and analyzingâ â the connection between charge structures and monetary development by enteringindicators of the assessment structure into a lot of board development relapses for 21 OECD nations; he found the accompanying outcomes: 1.â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Income charges are related with fundamentally lower financial development and lower levels of GDP per capita than utilization expense and property charge. 2.â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Respectively, property charges, and especially repetitive expenses on steadfast property, at that point utilization taxassociated with the most significant levels of GDP per capita. In this way, these duties are the most development well disposed assessments in financial development. 3.â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Corporate annual charges effectsly affect GDPthan individual personal expense. All in all, the connection between the annual expenses and development is negative connection. 4.â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â The progressivity of personal charges and development are adversely related. Likewise, Widmalm (2001), Padovano and Galli (2002) examined the connection between progressivity of annual duties and financial development in 25 nations, they arrived at a similar outcome, the progressivity of personal expenses and monetary development are contrarily related. Different investigations directed on utilization charge have uncovered that utilization charge majorly affects the country’s financial exercises which can significantly influence monetary development. Brys (2010) in his book ‘OECD Tax Policy Studies Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth’ traces the different impacts shopper assessment can have on monetary exercises of a country.In the book, he expresses that purchaser expense will influence business and working hours, influence global exchange and control the exercises of the underground economy. Brys keeps on expressing that separated shopper assessment will urge individuals to work, lead to a yield in natural advantages and decrease imbalances in pay. At the point when every one of these elements are united, monetary exercises of a nation are probably going to be influenced in different manners. Philosophy Research approach A decent research is the one that gives answers to the examination questions, legitimacy, objectivity, precision, and economy. An examination configuration is the arrangement and structure of examination to get answers to look into questions. The examination embraced a subjective study structure. Subjective research is likewise received since it explores the social constructivist worldview and depends on the socially developed reality nature.  It plans to essentially record, break down just as decide the criticalness and importance of forcing utilization charge on Saudi buyers and its commitment in advancing financial development. The methodology isn't at first dependent on any information to be looked at however on the impression of the individuals who have understanding and information dependent on utilization duty and its potential in improving monetary development of a nation. The subjective research approach here backings positivism whereby in spite of the fact that there is no information to be looked at as a major aspect of quantitative research, the basic develop of the exploration depends on a reality that can't be changed. The sort of this examination requires to utilize subjective research, in this investigation we will gathering information from the past examinations identified with our topic (about the impact of duty on financial development and afterward, we will examinations this information And weight all the Pros and Cons, bit of leeway and inconvenience of all kind of expenses and choose which type is best for the development of the economy. We will investigate both of assessment framework and zakat framework and their connection with financial development, at that point looking at both framework and discover the likenesses and distinction between them. At that point study those distinctions and discover arrangements that may contribute in the monetary development of Saudi Arabia. Information investigation and conversation  â â â â â â â â â â The crude materials were gathered in a methodicallly sorted out way that encourages the examination. To allow subjective examination, the information got was altered to guarantee culmination, consistency, and consistency before being broke down to make it important data with respect to the investigation topic which is ramifications of forcing utilization charge in Saudi Arabia. All in all the information examined empowers the examination to set up the relationship of utilization charge and monetary development. References Brys, B., and Organization for Economic Co-activity and Development.(2010). Expense arrangement  â â â â â â â change and financial development. Paris: OECD. Could Saudi Arabia’s Oil Exports Dry Up? (2012Ã¥ ¹'octoberæÅ"ˆ3æâ€" ¥). Ã¥ â€šÃ§â€¦ §Ã¥â€¦ ˆ: nvesting daily:http://www.investingdaily.com/15734/could-saudi-arabias-oil-trades evaporate almohainykhaledmohammed. (2003). The job of the expense during the time spent monetary and social turn of events. Damascus University Journal , Volume 19 †Issue II. zakat. (æâ€" ¥Ã¤ »ËœÃ¤ ¸ Ã¦ËœÅ¾). Ã¥ â€šÃ§â€¦ §Ã¥â€¦ ˆ: word reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/peruse/zakat Arnold, J. (2008), â€Å"Do Tax Structures Affect Aggregate Economic Growth?: Empirical  â Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries†, OECD Economics Department  â â â â â â Working Papers, No. 643, OECD Publishing. Bleaney, M.F.; N. Gemmell and R. Kneller (2001), â€Å"Testing the Endogenous Growth  â â â â Model: Public Expenditure, Taxation and Growth Over the Long-Run†, Canadian  â â â â â â â â â Journal of Economics, Vol. 34(1), pp. 36-57. Schwellnus, C. furthermore, J. Arnold (2008), â€Å"Do Corporate Taxes Reduce Productivity and Investment at the Firm Level? Crosscountry Evidence from the

Does Happiness Bring Consequences - Free Essay Example

How do you feel about the pursuit of happiness? Have you ever done something that made you happy but you thought about how it might effect others? Well, with the pursuit of happiness it basically says that when we do something we have to look at the end results of the overall happiness and how it will make others lives better. I think that with the pursuit of happiness is valid where the greatest happiness is for the greater good. With that being said it makes sense as to why you can make 5 people happy appose to one. With the book it mentioned euthanasia and the treatment of nonhuman animals. Later on I bring up life line/life support. In the book it mentions this examaple about euthanasia and how we based this decision with morality. Whether it was right or wrong with what the personal physician did. Sigmuund Freud had oral cancer and it got to the point where he was in no condition to get operated on and he was just a living corpse just slowly roting. So when his friend brought the physician and had the physician put Frued out of his misery. He was logically thinking about his friend and how he didnt want him to suffer any longer. But with the knowledge of knowing our culture we know that with what Max Schur did it was considered wrong no matter the circumstance. Under Christianity it is believed that intentionally killing of innocent himan beings is always wrong. which is morally right depending on the situation. Granted now in days its much more different, but I believe that when he did what he did I didnt think it was entirely wrong. But this does go to another view point that is a whole new topic. For example, what about when a family has to pull the plug on life support? Its a thought that actually makes you think. I know that at the hospital that I intern at they have DNR papers that patients have to fill out. DNR stands for Do Not Resuscitate. In addition to euthanasia the other example was nonhuman animals, which means that treating animals the same way you treat people. I dont disagree with this because everyliving, breathing, creature should be treated fairly. For example with my dog I treat her as if she is a person. I dont hit her, harm her ,or anything, I end up spoiling her to the full extent. I feel as though the case and circumstance is different when it comes to animals being used as a food source. Opposed to when people use animals for rodeos and circuses, for when theyre used for fighting. In America there are a numerous amount of known events that people use animals for entertainment. For example horse racing, dog fights, and rooster fights believe it or not. According to this article by ThePurpleWorld -Of-Tiyi.over-Blog when animals are used for entertainment it says, Animals used for entertainment are often abused and exploited. They may be chained or confined for more than 11 hours. They are sometimes deprived of food.. When I read this article I didnt know the entire story behind it. But when I continued to read it, the author made some valid points, which conteract how I feel. Yes I agree with the author but the points made only counteract my example that I discussed earlier. Work Cited: Aleccia, JoNel. Pulling the Plug: ICU Culture Key to Life or Death Decision. NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 21 May 2013, www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/pulling-plug-icu-culture-key-life-or-death-decision-6C10016643. Ayeva, Tiyi. Using Animals for Entertainment. TIYI AYEVA, 4 Apr. 2015, thepurpleworld-of-tiyi.over-blog.com/2015/04/using-animals-for-entertainment.html. Greene, CrashCourse, John. Utilitarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #36. YouTube, YouTube, 21 Nov. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a739VjqdSIt=86s. Rachels, Stuart, and James Rachels. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019. Stahl, Justin. Is It Time to Pull the Plug on ?Brain Death? Center for Law, Brain and Behavior, 16 May 2014, clbb.mgh.harvard.edu/is-it-time-to-pull-the-plug-on-brain-death/.

Christopher Columbus The Treaty Of Madrid - 1298 Words

Upon Christopher Columbus’ return from his first trip to the Americas, a debate broke out between the Spanish and Portuguese as to who possessed ownership of the new lands. In June of 1494, the issue was settled via the Treaty of Tordesillas. By the middle of the 18th century though, the dispute was raging once again. For more than a century, Portuguese in the Americas had been gradually pushing westward; in doing so, they encroached on territory theoretically belonging to Spain. This resulted in the countries engaging in consistent armed conflict. In hopes of settling the ongoing conflict, Spain and Portugal would sign a new treaty. The new treaty, called the Treaty of Madrid, would be signed in 1750. Principally a border agreement, the treaty reshaped the political geography of South America. According to the treaty, all lands south of the Ybicuà ­ River and all lands east of the Uruguay River would transfer from Spain to Portugal A problem arose, however. In this territory were seven Jesuit missions, all of which were among the most populated Jesuit missions in South America. Per the terms of the treaty, both Jesuits and Guaranà ­, the indigenous inhabitants of the missions, were to vacate within a year. Such a feat, however, would be near impossible due to the populations of the missions. Due to the time to the long time it took for news to travel across the Atlantic, the Jesuit priests did not learn of the treaty for months; once they did though, they collectivelyShow MoreRelatedSpain and Portugal conquered the Americas,1600 Words   |  7 Pagesall the way back to the1492 .Which is when Columbus first started his voyage to explore the West, which ended up in an argument over the land. Spain and Portugal worked as a team to conquer the Americas. In today’s world Portugal and Spain work together when it comes to drug trafficking and forest fires. They also seem to be good allies to one another, they share the same currency and both have high unemployment percentage. In 1484, Christopher Columbus attempted to interest King John II of PortugalRead MoreEuropeans in Jamaica1509 Words   |  7 PagesWhen did they come? Jamaica was first colonized by a native group of South American origin who, in the early history of Jamaica, called their home a paradise of wood and water. The Arawak were there to greet Christopher Columbus when he arrived in Jamaica in 1494, beginning a long period of European colonization there. The history of Jamaica as a European outpost saw the island under Spanish rule for 150 years, during which the city now known as Spanish Town was established and flourished as theRead MoreDiscovery of America6704 Words   |  27 PagesVoyages of Christopher Columbus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Discovery of the Americas and Discovery of America redirect here. For other uses, see Discovery of the Americas (disambiguation). Voyages of Christopher Columbus | The Four Voyages of Columbus | Participants | Christopher Columbus and crew | Location | Americas | Date | Between 1492 and 1506 | Result | European exploration of the Americas | In the early modern period, the voyagesRead MoreCuba And The Cuban Missile Crisis1730 Words   |  7 Pagesdeeply-rooted history with the US. However, it is futile to attempt to discuss this history outside the projection of its former colonial master, Spain. According to the Library of congress, the history of Cuba begins with the inevitable arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492; a man credited with the discovery of the Americas that essentially laid the foundation for European colonization. The Spanish-American war provided a turning-point in the history of Cuba because one its main consequences was the independenceRead More The Island of Jamaica Essay3724 Words   |  15 Pagessavage, war-like carib indians. 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Under the Spanish, the native Arawak Indians died out because of slavery and disease, and Africans were brought in to work in their place. The Spanish ruled the country until 1655 when Sir William Penn of the British captured t he colony by force. It was later tuned over legally under the Treaty of MadridRead MoreSpain and Japan Wine Industry Factbook12631 Words   |  51 Pagesin Moorish territories (Spanish Wine, 2013). However, the Spanish Reconquista reopened the Spanish wine exporting business, and another city-Bilbao introduced the high quality Spanish wines to English wine markets (Spanish Wine, 2013). When Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, Spanish wines were exported to the colony in the New World (Spanish Wine, 2013). However, the Spanish wine exporting business in England began to decrease since the relationship between Spanish and English was brokenRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesperiod of 1600–1850 (137.7 million). 4. Kate Merkel-Hess and Jeffrey Wasserstrom, â€Å"A Country on the Move: China Urbanizes,† Current History, vol. 108 (April 2009), 167–172. 5. World Tourism Organization, Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics (Madrid: World Tourism Association, 1995), vi. For statistics, see the World Tourism Organization publications World Tourism Barometer and Tourism Market Trends. 6. Paul Bairoch, Cities and Economic Development (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988)

The Sub-Systems of Human Resource Development - 884 Words

A well designed HRD programme should have the following sub-systems: Performance Appraisal: Performance appraisal is the process of determining how well a worker is performing his job. It provides a mechanism for identification of qualities and deficiencies observed in an employee in relation to his job performance. The object of appraisal is to determine the present state of efficiency of a worker in order to establish the actual need for training. The process of performance appraisal consists of: †¢ Setting standards for performance †¢ Communicating the standard to the employees †¢ Measuring the performance †¢ Comparing the actual performance with the standards set Potential Appraisal: Potential†¦show more content†¦It is aimed at generating among employees an awareness of their strengths and weaknesses and at helping them to match their skills and abilities to the needs of the organization. Without development of people in the organization, the organization cannot prosper. Individual career development is considered to be a three step process: ï‚ § Identifying and organizing skills, interests, work-related needs and values ï‚ § Converting these inventories into general careers, fields and specified job-goals and ï‚ § Testing the possibilities against the realities of the organization or the job market Job Rotation: The work-task should be rotated among the employees so as to broaden their field of specialization as well as their knowledge about the organization’s operation as a whole, one should be rotated once a year among the various employees depending upon their qualifications and suitability to perform new works. Quality Circle: A quality circle is a small group of employees doing similar or related work who meet regularly to identify, analyses and solve product-quality problems and to improve general operation. 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Thesis: The illegal activity of killing animals in Sub-Saharan Africa has caused many short and long terms affects for this continent. Importance: This is important because poaching has affected the local people, the environment, and the economy and will continue for future generations. Topic Sentence: Trafficking animals in Sub-Saharan Africa hasRead MoreKirk Samuda Riordan Manufacturing1451 Words   |  6 Pagesbe busy writing codes, as contractors are constructing, and Systems Analyst are frantically involved in developing materials. Diagram shows the six steps involved in the implementation phase. Coding Coding Installation Testing Documentation Training Support The first activity involved in the implementation phase is the coding activity. Riordan Manufacturing must now prepare for the designing of a system that puts into account all the information that was gathered

Manager Workplace Planning for Redundancy Plan

Question: Discuss about the Manager Workplace Planning for Redundancy Plan. Answer: Workforce planning is a core element of business planning that focuses on having the right people in the right job, at the right time, with the suitable skills. Based on the future needs and priorities of the organization, the redundancy planning takes place. It enforces organization to initiate workforce planning which is both strategic and action-oriented. Based on the Fynntown City Council Case Study, the downsizing strategies will be designed which must align to business goals and outcomes of the FCC. Redundancy Plan 1. Workforce planning is essential for avoiding the situation of redundancy where the position of employment of an employee is or will become surplus to the requirements of the business of employer (Davey, Fearon and McLaughlin 2013). It is important to plan for redundancy in order to maintain an effective workforce within the organization which may reduce the elimination of jobs or job categories by downsizing, rightsizing or outsourcing. Generally, a provision or existence of more than one means or resources to perform a function or activity tend to reduce the quality of deliveries due to shortage of skills or ineffective career progression of workers. In other words, the positions might become redundant within an organization when there is a decline in company revenue or/and wok available or the workplace looking to restructure and streamline of the organization. At this scenario, the employee often finds their position is surplus to the companys requirements or needs. In these ci rcumstances, organization or employers will announce to their employees to downsize their position which may sometimes no longer exist. Based on the given case study of FCC, the positions at that region have become redundant and thus the Organizational Development team has identified similar positions and functions within Fynntown Council. In the council, there have been difficulties recruiting based on the number of factors including shortage of industry, scarce skill sets and market based forces. Thus, the objective of the workforce planning in relation to the redundancy is to reduce Disguised Unemployment where employees are working in a redundant manner where workers productivity has become nil (Davis 2014). Thus an effective redundancy plan is required to improve the staff turnover and mange regional people in a more effective manner. However, treating employees fairly during the redundancy process needs to be considered by the responsible authority of FCC. 2. The retrenchment strategy should adopt by the organization aiming at reduction its one or more business operations with the view to cut expenses and reach to more stable conditions in terms of the financial conditions. Generally, the retrenchment strategy takes place when a corporation decides to eliminate its activities through a considerable elimination in its business operations considering the different perspective in terms of functions, groups, and technology alternatives, either individually or collectively are called as the strategy of retrenchment (Melchor 2013). In the given case the retrenchment option has been recommended to revitalize its financial condition of Fynntown City Council. In the given case study, the voluntary redundancy takes place where organizations in the council encourages employees to voluntarily resign, typically in restructuring or downsizing situations. There are three types of the retrenchment strategies which often used by the organizations to manage the workforce more effectively. These include Turnaround retrenchment strategy, Divestment retrenchment strategy and Liquidation retrenchment strategy. (Source: Melchor 2013) Turnaround Retrenchment Strategy: There are several business decisions when organizations feel that the decision made earlier is incorrect and needs to undergo before its damages the profitability of the company (Mohamed and Ali 2015). During the situation of continuous loss, poor work management, high attrition of employees, declining market share and poor quality of functional management and so on. Generally the need for this strategy arises due to the changes in the external environment such as government policy changes, saturated demand of the product, changes in product preferences and so on. Liquidation Retrenchment Strategy: According to Osborne (2013), this strategy is the most disagreeable strategy rarely adopted by the organization that includes selling off its assets and the final closure of the business operations. Organizations involve in this strategy due to loss of future opportunities, spoiled market image, loss of employment and so on. There are several indications insist a corporation that necessitate a firm to follow the liquidation retrenchment strategy. Divestment Retrenchment Strategy: This includes the downsizing of the scope of the business. Generally, an unprofitable portion or one of the strategic portions of the business has adopted this strategy for the effective management and stable financial position of the business. In the given redundancy plan of the Fynntown City Council Case Study, councillors have asked to downsize the organisations employee numbers in the short to medium term to manage several operational and structural risks. This indicates organisations across the council have recommended divestment retrenchment strategy to support the workforce planning across FCC. In this context, the region has supported to adopt the voluntary redundancy under the downsizing situation. By taking voluntary approach, councillors can be motivated by the strategic choice to change the age structure within the company because median age of the organisational people is from the age of 45. By the voluntary retrenchment, organisations can avoid layoff, improved efficiency, competitiveness and reduce reliance on the markets (Mohamed and Ali 2015). In the given situation, the wise to downsize workforce offered financial incentives to voluntarily resign which is completely a different concept than involuntary ret renchments where the organisation decides on its own which are the employees it wishes to leave (Osborne 2013). Steps to mitigate or avert redundancies: FCC needs to follow different ways to mitigate redundancies for ensuing turnover and retain the skilled workers in the workplace: Decrease the agency staff: By the elimination of the use of temporary staff from the workplace, the organisation could provide continued employment for those staffs that are permanently associated with organisations at Fynntown. In the last year, 35 permanent employees leave the organisation from the staff turnover. This rate could be increased by reducing the agency staff. Reducing the External requirements: For the economical development of the region, organisations needs to reduce the external recruitment either be deleted and the work redistributed amongst employee at risk of redundancy or any vacant position (retirement or voluntarily retrenchment). This is one of the significant step for skill labour retention at the workplace. Effective employee turnover management: Hiring the right people in terms of appropriate skill sets considering the work equality exposure across all employees at workplace and provide voluntary redundancy policy for though who does not fit with proper skill-set as per the organisational requirement (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Furthermore, encouraging generosity and gratification on the pre-social behaviour of employees can be practiced. To retain the skilled employee at workplace, organisations will appreciate by offering real time recognition. Offering flexibility of employees around work hours and locations is another consideration for the effective employee turnover management. Additionally, make opportunities for development and growth for employees is an effective strategy for the employee turnover management. In this case, the redeployment policy must be incorporated to avoid redundancy. However, the Fair Work Commission has stated that the redundancy will not be genuine of it would have been reasonable in all of the c ircumstances for the person to be deployed. This option would be better for the employers across FCC because productivity of skilled and known employees tend to be higher that the newly appointed one. Deploying those employees shall restrict the unnecessary redundancy at workplace. Succession planning and management: Developing pool of talent to fill key areas and positions, organisations across FCC should maintain the succession planning. The succession planning approach helps organisations to identify, develop and retain capable and skilled employees in line with current and forecasted objectives. (Source: Rothwell et al. 2015) Recommendation strategies for assisting workforce: Organisational change is the natural phenomenon and indeed a tremendous pressure for employers to assist their workforce. An organisation can face several types of changes. For instance, physical move may impacts on employees and this results decreasing productivity until workers acclimate to the new destination. On the other hand, workforce reduction for the cutting expenses, litigation, reorganisation and many others are vital needs to be managed by managers of the organisation. Thus organisational change often elicits concern and discomfort among employees. The following strategic actions need to be maintained: Concentrate on effective delegation: Managers of organisations across FCC should concentrate on effective delegation during the initial stages of the change process. Concentrating on effective solution, managers and employee both can manage the assigned workload, and secondly it gives employees a sense of involvement to the decision making at the organisational change. Open and effective communication: It is essential to communicate the reasons for the change along with the process required to make the change (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). For instance, if managers need to initialize a procedure, then it is require a lot of initial labour to get the new process up and running. Employee must aware all these things while maintaining the transparent and an effective communication. In short, it is important to understand the upcoming changes which are going to take pace in FCC. Personal counselling through training and development: To deal with changes, employees need to undergo with suitable training procedure provided by the employer that will help to adapt the changes. This will make employee more confident and increase their capabilities. Furthermore, these employees will be able to maintain more responsiveness during the planning and the execution at their assigned job responsibilities. Monitoring and Implementing: Employees need to monitor how the change is playing out in the corporation (Crawford et al.2014). For instance, employee can observe how the overall production process affect on their performances and such impacts must be conveyed with the management. In this way, the entire change management system within the workplace will be observed and adapted by employees. The term industrial relation refers to the system in which workers, employers, and representatives along with the interaction with the government for the following rules to maintain the governance for building work relationship (Smilowitz, Nowak and Jiang 2013). However, such labour relations system much be conveyed by the human resource department. This industrial relation often affected by the unfairly dismissal or disputable redundancy policies of the organisation. An employee can become redundant when an employer no longer needs that persons job to be performed by anyone. It takes place due to changes to the operational requirements of the workforce. According to the Workplace relations Act 1996, the proper justification or genuine redundancy policies in terms of dismissal, termination of employment, shall be maintained by the human resource management of the organisation. There are certain objects emphasise the importance of maintaining a strong economy considering low inflation , high employment levels and international competitiveness. For maintaining effective legislative rules in the redundancy situations, employers must consider all possible alternatives, such as redeployment. Working under the healthy industrial relationship, a notice must be given to the employee before talking decision to proceed with a redundancy at the workplace (Chrobot-Mason and Aramovich 2013.). There is a ground for raising a personal grievance of the employee believes that their employer has acted unjustifiably. The fair workplace relation act must look whether The redundancy s for genuine commercial reasons The provisions related to the employment agreement have been observed The reasonable act in the way of redundancy was carried out or not Employer of Choice Report Workplace planning objectives: The growth of the organisation is completely depends on accomplishment of the workplace planning objectives because employees are the main driving force or internal resources of the firm (Asch, Mattock and Hosek 2013). Since the redundancy program, the workforce has been dropped by 30 percent overall. By the use of voluntary redundancy program, organisations of the Fynntown region has motivated by the strategic choices to change the age structure within the company. iN Currently Employer of Choice objectives are as follows: To develop diverse industries for embracing the needs of the community by protecting the natural environment lifestyles, and the culture and heritage of its members through the economic and social, cultural, environmental initiatives To provide efficient, equitable and effective services to the community of Fynntown region for enhancing lifestyles of communities The current workforce strategy is completely aliened with the workforce planning objectives. Though the region is full of diverse industries, the demand for labour is quite high. By making many efforts of economic, social, cultural and environmental initiatives, and councillors provides a strong leadership which certain unfolds many options for an effective workforce management for the future as well. Incorporating teamwork, accountability, service excellence, continuous improvement, respect and integrity into their workforce plan, this can be expected that organisations across Fynntown region will manage their workforce while offering diverse community services. To meeting the vision and mission of Fynntown Council, the organisation maintains the equality in terms of offering job opportunities in respective of the gender. Considering purely on the basis of skills, abilities, competencies, employees are recruited. However, the company has been facing difficulties to recruiting people based on a number of factors including specific skills requirements, industry shortages and market based forces. However, the redundancy program initiated to downsizing number of employees and tries to retain skilled and full time employees into the workforce. In the last calendar year, 20 percent of the permanent employees leave organisation out of which 16.6 % took voluntary retirement which indicates that organisations tries to change their strategic direction to perform better to employ more skilled people which are in shortage in the region. However, the increasing monotonous work neither provides career progression not operational excellence from the perspective of employees. In this context, Fynntown City Council has already been committed to provide workplace diversity to foster strong community engagement, tolerance and fairness by the organisations equity access and equity policy. This would be a retention strategy for those who provide skills, competencies at the workpla ce. By providing the succession planning, the organisation increases the operational capabilities of the existing employees. By fair recruitment process, retrenchment policies, access and equity policies the organisation has made alignment with the workplace planning objectives. Organisational Climate Review: Organisational Climate Survey Question Answer 1. Does Fynntown Council provide effective services to achieve present and future needs of communities? Yes, though the region is supported by diverse industries including tourism, manufacturing, engineering, fruit production and many others, FCC provides effective services for community across the region. The council embraces the needs of the community by increasing and protecting the natural environment, lifestyles and positively considered the culture and heritage of its members. 2. Do you think that Fynntown Council is capable of maintaining good industrial relationships with their employees? Yes, Because the organisation has maintained the work diversity, equality as per the fair legislation. For instance, employees are recruited in respective of the gender, age clause. However the company has retrenchment policies for ensuring better productivity and operational efficiencies. 3. Are the redundancy policies genuine? Yes, there are all alternatives are evaluated such as redeployment before considering retrenchment policies at the workplace. In this context, the company is planning for voluntary redundancy by downsizing number of employees at the workplace. This will reduce the operational costs, increase the productivity and made changes in term of strategic changes such as retaining permanent skilled employees for the betterment of the organisation. In short, the HR department supports workforce planning across FCC by the effective redundancy planning in the short to long term to manage this risk. 4.How does the company access and equity policy for employee retention Fynnland council is committed to maintain a workplace where employees get respects and values diversity. The company believes in value of access, equity and fairness across the all level of the business (Dickens 2012). The purpose of this policy is to reduce bias and preferences, promotion inclusive practices, maintaining mutual respects among employees, consumers, and visitors as well. All these practices are made to ensure high employee retention across FCC. 5. Do you think that the organisation offers fair treatment by the undertaking the recruitment and selection policy at their workplace? By focusing on finding passionate and energetic employees for better customer service delivery, the organisation has followed a systematic recruitment and selection procedures. The main focus was to treating applicants fairly, maintaining privacy policies to ensure private information is kept confidential and managed appropriately Adelman and Lugg 2012.). By maintaining a sequential steps such as filling up the position based on the specific authority and duties, by going through the proper interview process the candidates are selected. By providing feedbacks to unsuccessful candidates, the organisation makes the entire selection process transparent and fair. 6. What were the reasons behind voluntary retrenchment in the last year? The organisational development plan finds difficult to identify people at similar skills and functional abilities. The organisation founds certain employee surplus at their workplaces which tends to ensure zero productivity at the end. The authority used voluntary retrenchment to reduce manages the risk of shortage of skills, industry competitiveness and market based forces from other industries as well. 7. Do managers maintain non-discrimination statement at the workplace? Yes, The employee mix suggests that the organisation has recruiting people based on the skill, competencies and not discriminating employees as per their gender. Currently, the organisation have 50:50 employees, delegating and responsible for different duties at the workplace. 8.Does the organisation maintain the WHS obligations for measuring employees safety at the workplace? Yes. To maintain the favourable working environment, the company upholds WHS obligations. Such obligations ensure that all grievance are addressed in timely and unbiased manager. The organisation welcomes workforce diversity by utilizing an equal opportunity recruitment strategy. By upholding the ethical standards of respect, tolerance and fairness the company provides full safety workplace to their employees. Recommendations for effective labour market: To align with the Employers choice strategies and workforce planning, the organization should concentrate more effectively use of the labor market. The organization should implement the succession planning strategies for establishing the long term association with their employers. Employer should consider employees as the resource of the organization. In this context, succession planning is important by which an organization can identify internal employees as potential candidates for filling future vacancies that may arise within the organization (Grau 2014). Starting relevant training sessions to perform different roles is challenging for employees as well as an efficient alternative for the organization. In the last year, 20% employees leave the organization of which 29 people were resigned and retired. There was situation when employers found their skill as excess at workplace and on the other hand, employees may found their job less challenging and less career progressive. To restrict this situation, the organization can plan for succession. The communication transparency must be maintained for the effective productivity of the labor market. To allow employees in decision making, the organization can increase the value of the employees which automatically concentrate more employee engagement at the workplace. Monitoring the performance using potential matrix of employee, the organization can assess their pool of talent. Based on evaluated statistics, the company needs take initiatives to facilitate them so that employee gets the maximum job satisfaction from their employers. An invitation to the Mentor Program meet-and-greet event: To Date: 06/07/2016 The Mentees of FCC Sub: An invitation to the Mentor Program meet-and-greet event Dear Sir/Madam, This mail is provided for to give an idea about Succession planning program at your organisation. The succession planning process refers as the talent management planning so that losing a certain employee or the senior management people would not disable the regular operations of the organisation. However, this planning process would be more effective across FCC if it is performed at all levels in the organisation. By developing skills and competencies, organisations can get benefits by the following the succession planning. The main purpose of this program is to explore the potential benefits of successful benefits at the workplace to effective manage the workforce (Barak 2013). By implementing this program the company can serve the contingency plan for future uncertainties. On the other hand, managers get to identify various skills sets among the team members by insisting the success planning. By the completion of the succession plan, the internal employees would be able to survive more adverse situation during the uncertain situation. Regards (_) External Labour Trend Source of Information Impact on Supply Impact on Demand Creating a safe work environment is sensitive for the success of the organisation. Maintain Occupational safety and health at the workplace WHS laws Can avoid or reduced health and safety hazards and thus results decreased costs and damages to the business To address the obligation of WHS, enhanced productivity will be produced by employees Creating equal exposure between male and female The Work place gender equality act, 2012 Getting higher operational expense from employees both male and female Job satisfaction and feel more committed towards the workplace (Leblebici 2012) Maintain work place diversity to increase productivity and maintain a transparent of workforce policies in terms of recruitment, retrenchment and selection (Sposato et al. 2015) The Fair Work Act and National employment standards Allow employees to decision making and establish an healthy employee-employer relationship Extended employee engagement, more confident and feel valued Recommendations regarding a Communication and Engagement Plan: A transparent and open relationship must be maintained to increase the communication within employer-employees. For instance, if an effective leadership allow employees to take part in decision making or present some opinion, then employees feel valued and thus it will improve the internal relationship with each other. This further creates a strong employee engagement within the workplace. For building the constituency of engaged employees, employer must focus on engagement at local and organisational levels. By holding employees accountability the organisation can increase the organisational commitment of employees. References: Adelman, M. and Lugg, C.A., 2012. Public schools as workplaces: The queer gap between workplace equality and safe schools. Law Journal for Social Justice, 3, pp.27-46. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Asch, B.J., Mattock, M.G. and Hosek, J., 2013. A new tool for assessing workforce management policies over time. Rand Corporation. Barak, M.E.M., 2013. Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Chrobot-Mason, D. and Aramovich, N.P., 2013. The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity. Group Organization Management, 38(6), pp.659-689. Crawford, E.R., Rich, B.L., Buckman, B. and Bergeron, J., 2014. The antecedents and drivers of employee engagement. Employee engagement in theory and practice, pp.57-81. Davey, R., Fearon, C. and McLaughlin, H., 2013. Organizational grief: an emotional perspective on understanding employee reactions to job redundancy. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 27(2), pp.5-8. Davis, K., 2014. A Critical Analysis of Genuine RedundancyCases Under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). ANU College of Law Honours Thesis, (15-02). Dickens, L. ed., 2012. Making employment rights effective: Issues of enforcement and compliance. Bloomsbury Publishing. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Grau, D., 2014. Succession Planning Step by Step. Succession Planning for Financial Advisors: Building an Enduring Business, pp.147-170. Leblebici, D., 2012. Impact of workplace quality on employees productivity: case study of a bank in Turkey. Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 1(1), pp.38-49. Melchor, O.H., 2013. The government workforce of the future: Innovation in strategic workforce planning in OECD countries (No. 21). OECD Publishing. Mohamed, A. and Ali, A., 2015. Voluntary retrenchment: voluntary or mutual separation scheme. Industrial Law Reports, 1, pp.i-xvi. Osborne, S.P., 2013. Voluntary organizations and innovation in public services. Routledge. Rothwell, W.J., Jackson, R.D., Ressler, C.L. and Jones, M.C., 2015. Career Planning and Succession Management: Developing Your Organization's Talent-for Today and Tomorrow: Developing Your Organizations Talentfor Today and Tomorrow. ABC-CLIO. Smilowitz, K., Nowak, M. and Jiang, T., 2013. Workforce management in periodic delivery operations. Transportation Science, 47(2), pp.214-230. Sposato, M., Feeke, S., Anderson-Walsh, P. and Spencer, L., 2015. Diversity, inclusion and the workplace-equality index: the ingredients for organizational success. Human Resource Management International Digest, 23(5), pp.16-17.

Warburtons Location Essay Example

Warburtons Location Essay Warburtons is a private limited company. The Warburtons family owns all the shares of the Warburtons Company. The warburtons shares cannot be sold in the stock exchange or advertised for sale publicly through newspapers. If shares need to be sold they need to be sold privately with the agreement of all of the other shareholders but first they would have had to be offered to the other shareholders. Private limited companies have a limit to their liability. Waarburtons being private limited means that they have a limit to there responsibility for the debts of the business. If the business does go in to debt they only risk losing the money, which they have put into and invested in the company. They will not lose their personal possessions like in other ownerships. The Warburtons liability is limited because it is a private limited company. This means that nobody is liable for the debts if it went into insolvency the company owners would only lose the money that it put into the business. They wouldnt lose their possession in which they own. This is because they have limited liability and are incorporated. But Warburtons do have public liability insurance in case anything bad does happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Warburtons Location specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Warburtons Location specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Warburtons Location specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Warburtons chosen being a limited company because it works best for them. It is the most convenient method of ownership for them. This is because of the liability. If Warburton lose everything they wouldnt become bankrupt they would be come insolvent. They would only become insolvent if they didnt pay their bills or cant sell anymore. Only Private limited companies and Public limited companies can claim insolvency. This is because they both have limited liability and are only liable for the debts of the company to the value of their share holdings in the Warburtons Company. If the warburtons company was a partnership it would have unlimited liability and could become bankrupt if it doesnt pay its bills. If one of the Warburtons family died or became bankrupt the partnership would have to be dissolved. So warburtons being private limited works out best because it is safer for the owners. If warburtons wasnt a private limited company I think that being a Public Limited Company would work. I think that being a Public Limited Company would work out for them. This is because the Warburtons Company would still have their limited liability. If they have limited liability they can claim insolvency. If warburtons became a public limited company the Warburtons family would own it anymore though. It would be owned by the general public and shareholders so it would be a family baker anymore. Being owned by a partnership would work out well because they are a family and all could be joint owners of the company, but they would no longer have limited liability they would have unlimited liability and if they couldnt pay there bills they would become bankrupt, and could lose everything they own. The best ownership for Warburtons is what they currently have. That is being a private limited company because it suits all of there required needs. War burtons location is mainly in the center of England. It has a one bakery and depot in Scotland and has one depot in Wales apart from that it has no other bakeries in Wales and Scotland. So from that you can expect them not to trade in Scotland or Wales. Also Warburtons have no bakeries or depots in the south or east of England so they dont sell there. But Warburtons are in the process of building a new bakery in the London area. Here is a map showing the locations of the bakeries and depots also showing the areas in which Warburtons trade in: The locations for all of the bakeries are good. They are built by good transport links so it can deliver to most of the U. K. mainland. From how many bakeries and depots Warburtons own they are still able to sell and serve more than 60% of the U. K. mainland. Being in the location that they are in helps it serve the U. K. When the plant in Enfield is finished it will open them up to sell products in the south east of England something, which they havent done before. But for Warburtons to fill in its main goal which is to be Britain favorite baker it is bakeries and depots in the south, the east, required for them to open up more Scotland and Wales area until it does this it will not be Britain favorite baker and it will not complete there mission statement. The locations of the Warburton bakers help the company and doesnt hinder them. Warburtons Structure The Warburtons business consists of many different departments in order for it to be successful. All of these are linked together and require each other to work and make Warburtons a successful company. Here are the main departments, which make Warburtons what it is today: Marketing- accesses the market place and develops the customers needs and requirements. Also to promote new products. These are in charge of the adverts, which we see on the television. Product Development- This department is in charge and involved in developing and improving there products which they sell, whether it aims to improve ingredients of an existing product or create a new one. Van Sale Driver- This involves delivering orders from the factory where the product is baked to the supermarket shelves and independent stores like cash and carries. This is the crucial part of the working team. If it fails the company will lose their money and a load of bread will go to waste. Sales Development- This team involves selling there products to the supermarket e. g. ) ASDA, Safeway, Tesco etc, and making sure that they close the deal. Also they have to make sure that the bread is on the supermarket shelves on time. This again is a crucial job because they are the ones who sell the bread. Customer Service- This involves dealing with their customers on a daily basis. This could involve answering telephone calls, which is the most common one, replying to letters or emails. These dont just deal with complaints from customers the customer care unit also deals with question, queries and of course complaints. Human Resource Officer- This part of the company is involved in dealing with the Warburtons labor work force. The department is involved in interviewing new workers, disciplinary procedures, advisory management, law issues etc. Operations- This department involves sorting out and organizing the operation and distribution. Warburtons has the largest fleet of delivery vehicles in the country. They involve ensuring that there product arrives at the shop on time and in good sellable condition suitable for selling the product.

The Survey of Adult Education Essays

The Survey of Adult Education Essays The Survey of Adult Education Essay The Survey of Adult Education Essay kiransielts. blogspot. com 1 IELTS GRAPHS Cambridge 1 test 1 The charts below show the results of a survey of adult education. The first chart shows the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows how people think the cost of adult education should be shared. Write a report for a university lecturer, describing the information shown below. How the cost of each course should be shared I am going to describe two graphs. The bar graph shows the reasons why adults choose to study and the pie charts show how the adults think the cost of each course should be shared. From the bar graph it is clear that the main reasons why adults opted for higher study were because of interest in subject and to gain qualifications. Nearly 40% gave this reason in the survey. Approximately 20% studied further because it was helpful for their present job and to improve their prospects of promotion. The same percentage also studied because they enjoyed studying. Around 12 % chose to study to be able to change jobs and the least 9% studied just to meet new people. From the pie chart we can infer that the individuals themselves wanted to spend only 40% of their fees for higher education. They wanted the employer to spend 35% and the taxpayer to spend 25% of their course fees. This ends my report. 9 12 20 20 22 38 40 0 10 20 30 40 To meet people To able to change jobs Enjoy learning / studying To improve prospects of promotion Helpful for current job To gain qualifications Interest in subject % Individual, 40% Taxpayer, 25% Employer, 35% kiransielts. blogspot. com 2 Cambridge 1 test 2 The diagram shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the-minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts. Write a report for a university lecturer, describing the information shown below. The given picture graph illustrates the process of latest information on the weather so as to produce dependable forecasts. It is clear from the graph that mainly four steps are involved in the process. The first stage in the process is the collection of the incoming information. This can be done through the satellite, radar and the drifting buoy. The data is collected on the satellite photo, radar screen and the synoptic chart. All this is then analysed for forecasting and fed into the computer. Finally it is broadcast on radio, telecast on TV and communicated as a recorded announcement through the phone. So, it can be seen that to produce authentic forecasts the data is collected through various sources, analysed and finally broadcast so that we can know beforehand what sort of weather we have to face in the coming time. kiransielts. blogspot. com 3 Cambridge 1 test 3 The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below. Expenditure on fast foods by income groups Consumption of fast foods 1970-1990 Two graphs are given. The column graph depicts the expenditure on fast foods by different income groups in Britain and the line graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods from 1970 to 1990. The chart shows that high income earners consumed considerably more fast foods than the other income groups. They spent more than twice as much on hamburgers (43 pence per person per week) as on fish and chips or pizza (both under 20 pence). Average income earners spent 33 pence per person per week on hamburgers, which was the maximum they spent on any given fast food. This was followed by fish and chips at 24 pence, then pizza at 11 pence per person per week. Low income earners spent less than other income groups on fast foods, though fish and chips remains their most popular fast food, followed by hamburgers and then pizza. From the line graph we can see that in 1970, fish and chips were the most popular fast food where as burgers and pizza were the least popular fast food at that time. The consumption of hamburgers and pizza rose steadily over the 20 year period to 1990 while the consumption of fish and chips declined over that same period. There was a slight increase in popularity from 1985 to 1990. This ends my report. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 High Income Average Income Low Income Pence per person per week Hamburgers Fish and Chips Pizza kiransielts. blogspot. com 4 Cambridge 1 test 4 Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village. The map shows the development of Chorleywood village in between 1868 and 1994. Chorleywood park and golf coast lies in the centre of layout. To the south of this is the Chorleywood station. To the south of the Chorleywood Park, the darkly shaded area is developed in between 1922 and 1970. The horizontally shaded area around the station is developed in between 1883 and 1922. It can be seen from the graph that the area north of Chorleywood station and the west of Chorleywood park and the golf course developed in between 1868 and 1883. The north, south and east of the Chorleywood Park, which is the diagonally shaded area, developed in between 1970 and 1994. We can assume from the map that on the west and north of Chorleywood Park and olf course, the dark line represents the main roads which run from north to south and west to east. On the east of Chorleywood Park and the golf course runs the motor way, which was built in 1970. The railway line south of Chorleywood Park and the golf course was built in 1909. It can be seen there has been development around Chorleywood station and along the motorway which runs from south to no rth. We can arrive at inference that there has been a considerable development in the village Chorleywood during the period of 1970 to 1994. kiransielts. blogspot. com 5 Cambridge 2 test 1 The table below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, etc) owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given below Consumer durables 1972 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 Percentages of households with Central heating 38 43 48 52 55 59 60 64 Television 93 95 96 96 97 97 97 98 Video 18 Vacuum cleaner 87 89 92 92 93 94 95 Refrigerator 73 81 88 91 92 93 93 94 Washing machine 66 68 71 75 74 78 79 80 Dishwasher 3 3 4 4 5 Telephone 42 50 54 60 67 75 76 77 The given table illustrates the percentage of British households who owned a range of consumer durables between 1972 and 1983. It is clear from the graph that this percentage increased over the years. The greatest increase was in telephone ownership, rising from 42% in 1972 to 77% in 1983. Next was the central heating ownership, rising from 37% of households in 1972 to 64% in 1983. The percentage of households with a refrigerator rose by 21% over the same period and of those with a washing machine by 14%. Households with vacuum-cleaners, televisions and dishwashers increased by 8%, 5% and 2% respectively. In 1983, the year of their introduction, 18% of households had a video recorder. Over the period the proportion of British houses with central heating doubled and of those with a phone increased from under a half to over three-quarters. There were also big increases in the ownership of washing machines and refrigerators, which suggests rising living standards of the British people over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 6 Cambridge 2 Test 2 The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Leisure time in a typical week : by sex and employment status, 1989-99 The given column graph illustrates the hours of leisure time enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998-99, according to gender and employment status. Among those employed full-time, men on average had a little less than fifty hours of leisure, whereas women had approximately thirty-eight hours. There were no figures given for male part-time workers, but female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time. This number was slightly more than women in full-time employment. In the unemployed and retired categories, leisure time showed an increase for both sexes. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time approximately eighty hours, compared with seventy two hours for women. Housewives enjoyed approximately fifty-two hours of leisure, on average. There were no figures given for men (househusbands). Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra leisure time. 47 0 81 80 0 38 40 72 72 52 0. 00 0. 00 40. 00 60. 00 80. 00 100. 00 Hours of leisure time Males Females kiransielts. blogspot. com 7 Cambridge 2 test 3 The first chart below shows the results of a survey which sampled a cross-section of 100,000 people asking if they travelled abroad and why they travelled for the period 1994-98. The second chart shows their destinations over the same period. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. VISITS ABROAD BY UK RESIDENTS BY PURPOSE OF VISIT (1994-98) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Holiday 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700 Business ,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957 Visits to friends and relatives 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181 Other reasons 982 896 1,030 1,054 990 TOTAL 22,072 21,610 24,949 27,447 28,828 DESTINATIONS OF VISITS ABROAD BY UK RESIDENTS BY MAIN REGION (1994-98) Western Europe North America Other areas TOTAL 1994 19,371 919 1,782 22,072 1995 18,944 914 1,752 21,610 1996 21,877 1,167 1,905 24,949 1997 23,661 1,559 2,227 27,447 1998 24,519 1,823 2,486 28,828 The given tables illustrate the reasons why U. K. residents visited abroad and the countries they visited between 1994 and 1998. The data is based on a survey conducted on 100,000 people. According to statistical Information, the main reason for traveling abroad was holidays, business, and visits to friends and relatives. Indeed, there was a steady increase in the number of holiday makers. While in 1996 there were about 17,896 who travelled abroad, in 1998 there were 20,700 of them. Travelling for business also increased from 3155 travellers in 1994 to 3957 travellers in 1994. Traveling abroad for visiting friends and relatives showed a steady Increase over the period. While there were about 2,628 travellers in 1995, the number increased to 3,181 in 1998. The number of people who travelled for other reasons not mentioned in the graph showed fluctuations. There was also a change in the destinations which people preferred for travelling. Western Europe was the most popular destination. In 1994, only 19,371 of the sample preferred to spend their holiday in that main region. There was an increase to 24,519 in 1998. North America and other areas also appeared favourable. In 1996, there were 1,167 going to North America and 1,905 to other areas. These numbers increased to 1,823 and 2,486 respectively. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 8 Cambridge 2 test 4 The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980. Write a report for a university, lecturer describing the information shown below. The given column graph illustrates the figures for imprisonment in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada from 1930 to 1980. It is clear from the graph that there is considerable fluctuation in the figures for imprisonment from country to country. In Great Britain the numbers in prison have increased steadily from 30 000 in 1930 to 80,000 in 1980. On the other hand, in Australia, and particularly in New Zealand the numbers fell markedly from 1930 to 1940. Since then they increased gradually and reached 50,000 and approximately 85,000 for Australia and New Zealand respectively. Canada is the only country in which the numbers in prison decreased over the fifty year period, although there were fluctuations in this trend. The figures for the United States indicate the greatest number of prisoners compared to the other four countries. The prison population in the United States increased very rapidly from 1970 to 1980. This ends my report. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 in thousands Great Britain Australia New Zealand United States Canada kiransielts. blogspot. com 9 Cambridge 3 task 1 ( Same in Official materials ) The charts below show the number of Japanese tourists travelling abroad between 1985 and 1995 and Australia’s share of the Japanese tourist market. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. In this report I am going to describe a column graph and a line graph. The column graph shows the number, in millions, of Japanese tourists visiting other countries from 1985 to 1995 and the line graph shows the percentage of those Japanese tourists visiting Australia over the same period. The column graph clearly shows an upward trend in the number of Japanese tourists. This number was approximately 5 million in the year 1985 and reached 15 million by the year 1995. This number trebled over the decade. There were, however, minor fluctuations over the period. It is clear from the line graph that Australia got 2% share of Japan’s tourist market. This umber also grew three times and by 1995, reached 6% with some minor ups and downs in between. It can be concluded that Australia’s share of Japan’s tourist market grew comparably over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 10 Cambridge 3 Test 2 The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European countries. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The given bar graph shows the amount of money the Germans, Italians, French and the British spend on consumer goods such as personal stereos, tennis racquets, perfumes, CDs, toys and photographic films. It is clear from the graph that Britain spends most heavily on the range of consumer goods included. In every case, British spend more than other countries. However, in the case of tennis racquets another country, Italy, spends almost the same. In contrast, Germany is generally the lowest spender. This is most evident in photographic film, where Germany spends much less than Britain. However, in tennis racquets and perfumes, Germany spends more than France. Meanwhile, France and Italy generally maintain middle positions. France spends more on CDs and photographic film but less on tennis racquets than Italy does. Italy’s spending on personal stereos is only marginally greater than that of France, while spending on toys is equal between the two. It is clear from the data given that there are some significant differences in spending habits within Europe. 100 120 140 160 180 Photographic film Toys CDs Perfume Tennis racquets Personal stereos Thousand pounds sterling Germany Italy France Britain kiransielts. blogspot. com 11 Cambridge 3 test 3 The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Average years of schooling Scientists and technicians per thousand people Spending on research and development The three column graphs illustrate the average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and technicians, and the spending on research and development in developing and developed countries. Figures are given for 1980 and 1990. It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher than those for developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and science from 1980 to 1990. People in developing nations attended school for an average of around 3 years, with only a slight increase in years of schooling from 1980 to 1990. On the other hand, the figure for industrialised countries rose from nearly 9 years of schooling in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990. From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost doubled from a little over 40 to about 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research and development also saw rapid growth in these countries, reaching $350 billion in 1990. By contrast, the number of science workers in eveloping countries remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending fell from about $50 billion to only $25 billion. This ends my report. 0 2 4 6 8 10 1980 1990 Years of schooling Developing countries Industrialised countries 0 20 40 60 80 1980 1990 Per thousand people Developing countries Industrialised countries 0 100 200 300 400 1980 1990 US $ billions Developing countries Industrialised coun tries kiransielts. blogspot. com 12 Cambridge 3 Test 4 The graph below shows the unemployment rates in the US and Japan between March 1993 and March 1999. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below The given line graph compares the unemployment rates between U. S. and Japan from March 93 to March 99. It can be seen from the graph that the unemployment rates in Japan increased over the period whereas that of America decreased over the period. In March, 1993, United States had seven percent of unemployed workforce which was three times more than that of Japan, where 2. 5% were unemployed. However, the unemployment rate in United States began declining slowly since March 1993, and reached 5% mark in the middle of 1996. Japan’s unemployment rate, however, doubled in three years. From then on, the percentage of unemployed workforce in United States remained roughly the same at about 5% until March 99, although there were minor fluctuations in the unemployment rate. As for Japan, the percentage of unemployed grew steadily but with fluctuations to reach 5. 0% in March 1999. The major conclusion that can be drawn using the graph, is that number of unemployed in USA decreased by about 2. 0% in the course of six years, while in Japan it actually increased by 2. 5% percent. As a result, in March 99, both Japan and U. S. ad about 5% of their work force unemployed. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 13 Cambridge 4 AC Task 1 The graph below shows the demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer. The pie chart shows how electricity is used in an average English home. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons wh ere relevant. The given line graph illustrates the daily demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer while the pie chart outlines how electricity is taken into use in an average English household. From the graph, it is evident that the daily demand for electricity is generally more in winter than in summer. The consumption of electricity fluctuates at an average level of 40,000 units in winter. The least demand for electricity is at about 7 am and after that, it increases steadily and peaks at nearly 10 pm after which it again falls at midnight. As for summer, the demand for electricity is just under 20,000 units throughout the day. It gets to its peak at 2 pm 10 pm and bottoms at 9 am. The pie chart illustrates that 52. % of electricity is used for heating rooms and water. Around 17. 5% of electricity is provided for ovens, kettles, washing machines. 15% each is used for lighting, TV, radio and for vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 14 Cambridge 4 AC task 2 The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999. Summarise the information by selecting and repo rting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. Family type Proportion of people from each household type living in poverty single aged person 6% (54,000) aged couple 4% (48,000) single, no children 19% (359,000) couple, no children 7% (211,000) sole parent 21% (232,000) couple with children 12% (933,000) all households 11% (1,837,000) The given table illustrates the breakdown of the different type of families who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999. On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position. However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively. Couples without children generally tended to be better off with only 7% in poverty whereas those with children were 12% . It is noticeable that for both types of household with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time. Older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favoured elderly couples (only 4%) rather than single elderly people (6%). Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples. kiransielts. blogspot. com 15 Cambridge 4 AC task 3 The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Post-school qualifications in Australia according to gender 1999 The given bar graph gives information about the percentage of men and women ho held different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia in 1999. It is clear that gender differences were more pronounced in some fields than others. We can see immediately that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest difference was at the lowest post-school level, where 90% men held a skilled vocational diploma com pared with only 10% women. By contrast, more women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%). At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30%, respectively), and also constituted 60% of Masters graduates. Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelors degree, however. This ends my report. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Masters degree Postgraduate diploma Bachelors degree Undergraduate diploma Skilled vocational diploma % Females Males iransielts. blogspot. com 16 Cambridge 4 test 4 The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Visits to and from the UK Most popular countries visited by UK residents 1999 Two graphs are given. The li ne graph shows data on the number of visits abroad by British people and visits from overseas residents to the UK, while the bar chart provides the figures of the popular countries chosen by UK residents to travel to. It is clear from the graph that the visits made by UK residents are more than the visits made to the UK by overseas residents. The trend for overseas visitors climbed steadily over the period of 20 years, from 10 million visits in 1979 to over 25 million in 1999. On the other hand, the visits made by the British had a significant increase of 41 million trips in the same period, from 11 million to 52 million. In 1999, over 12 million UK residents visited France, which was the most popular country of all, while a lesser number (9 million) of travellers went to Spain. Visitors from other countries such as the USA, Greece, and Turkey had approximately 9 million visitors altogether. 0 5 10 15 Franc e Spain USA Greec e Turke y Millions of UK visitors kiransielts. blogspot. com 17 Cambridge 5 Test 1 The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given picture graph shows two potential sites for a supermarket that is planned there. Both sites have their pros and cons. The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon which is 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train. In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult. Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 18 Cambridge 5 test 2 The table below gives information about the underground railway systems in six cities. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Underground Railway systems City Date opened Kilometres of route Passengers per year (in millions) London 1863 394 775 Paris 1900 199 1191 Tokyo 1927 155 1927 Washington DC 1976 126 144 Kyoto 1981 11 45 Los Angeles 2001 28 50 The given table illustrates data about the underground railway systems in six cities which are London, Paris, Tokyo, Washington DC, Kyoto and Los Angeles. London has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 147 years old. Paris is the second oldest, which was opened in the year 1900. This was then followed by the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto. Los Angeles has the newest underground railway system, and was only opened in the year 2001. In terms of the size, London has the largest underground railway systems. It has 394 kilometres of route in total, which is nearly twice as large as the system in Paris. Kyoto, in contrast, has the smallest system. It only has 11 kilometres of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of London. Interestingly, Tokyo, which only has 155 kilometres of route, serves the greatest number of passengers per year, at 1927 million passengers. The system in Paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 million passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system, Kyoto, serves the smallest number of passengers per year. Overall it can be seen that, the underground railway systems in different cities vary a lot in the site of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system. iransielts. blogspot. com 19 Cambridge 5 test 3 The graph below shows the proportion of population aged 65 and over between 1940 1nd 2040 in three different countries. Summarise the information †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The given line graph illustrates the proportion of 65+ year olds in Japan, Sweden and U. S. A. from 1940 to the present time with a prediction till 2040. Overall, i t can be seen from the graph that in all three countries, the percentage of elderly people is expected to increase by the year 2040. In 1940, the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan, approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the U. S. However, while the figures for U. S. A. and Sweden grew to about 15% in 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2. 5% for much of this period before rising to almost 5% again at the present time. It is expected that, the proportion of the elderly will continue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries. A most dramatic increase is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which time it is projected that the proportion of the elderly will be similar to all the three countries. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 20 Cambridge 5 test 4 The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of different age groups and the amount of support they received from their employers. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Two column graphs are given. The first column graph shows the proportion of people of different age groups who studied for career or for interest. The second graph shows the amount of support they got from their employers in terms of time off or fees. From the first graph it is clear that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age. Nearly 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. Only 40% of 40-49yr olds and 18% of over 49yr olds study for career reasons. In contrast, the study because of interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26yr olds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds study for interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group. The second graph shows that employer support is maximum (approximately 60%) for the under 26yr students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of life, and then increases in late adulthood up to about 44%. It is unclear whether employer support is only for career-focused study, but the highest level is for those students who mainly study for career purposes. This ends my report. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 under 26 26-29 30-39 40-49 over 49 % Age Reasons for study according to age of student For career For interest 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 under 26 26-29 30-39 40-49 over 49 % Age Employer support, by age group (Time off and help with fees) kiransielts. blogspot. com 21 Cambridge 6 Test 1 The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Water consumption in Brazil and Congo in 2000 Country Population Irrigated land Water consumption per person Brazil 176 million 26,500 km 2 359 m 3 Democratic Republic of Congo 5. 2 million 100 km 2 8 m 3 A line graph and a table are given. The line graph shows the water used worldwide in industries, agriculture and in households from 1900 to 2000. The table shows the water consumption in Brazil and Congo in 2000. It is clear from the line graph that throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural Purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km? to around 3,000 km? in the year 2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1,000 km? , while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300 km? both far below the levels of consumption by agriculture. The table illustrates the differences in agriculture consumption in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2000. The amount of irrigated land in Brazil was 26,500 km? whereas that in the D. R. C. was only 100 km?. This means that a huge amount of water was used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is re flected in the figures for water consumption per person: 359 m? compared with only 8 m? in the Congo. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agriculture water consumption can be in some countries. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 22 Cambridge 6 test 2 The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Average distance in miles travelled per person per year by mode of travel 1985 2000 Walking 255 237 Bicycle 51 41 Car 3,199 4,806 Local bus 429 274 Long distance bus 54 124 Train 289 366 Taxi 13 42 Other 450 585 All modes 4,740 6,475 The given table demonstrates the different modes of travel in England in 15 years from 1985 to 2000. In general, some modes gained popularity while the others became less popular. The travel modes which gained popularity in the period included cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and others. Cars remained top among the modes in the 15 years, with their average miles increasing considerably from 3,199 in 1985 to 4,806 in 2000. The average miles covered by distance buses and taxis trebled over the period. Travelling on foot, by bicycles and by local buses lost popularity in the one and a half decade. Average travelling distance by local buses suffered the biggest decrease, dropping from 429 to 274, whilst the number of miles covered on foot and bikes fell mildly from 255 to 237 and from 51 to 41 respectively. Despite the decreases, however, the total miles travelled grew from 4,740 to 6,475. Overall, the total travelling distance in the country grew in 15 years. Cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and other modes of travel were more popular and walking, bicycling and local transportation less popular. kiransielts. blogspot. com 23 Cambridge 6 test 3 The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of silk cloth. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Two processes are given. The cyclical process shows the lifecycle of the silkworm. The linear process shows the production of silk cloth. It can be seen from the first diagram that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. The cocoons are used for the production of silk cloth. First of all, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated by unwinding them. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long. The threads are then twisted together, dyed and finally used to produce cloth in the weaving stage. Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process. kiransielts. blogspot. com 24 CAMBRIDGE 6 TEST 4 The charts below give information about USA marriage and divorce rates between 1970 and 2000, and the marital status of adult Americans in two of the years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Number of marriages and divorces in the U. S. A. 1970-2000 Marital status of adult Americans, 1970 and 2000 The two bar charts compare the number of married and divorced people in USA over a span of 30 years from 1970 to 2000 and the overall marital status of US adults in 1970 and 2000. As can be seen from the first chart, over the period of 30 years, the number of marriages experienced a steady fall while the number of divorces fluctuated. To begin with, in 1970 and 1980, the number of marriages in USA stood at 2. 5 million. However, divorces were 1 million in 1970 and increased to 1. 4 million in 1980. There was a steady fall in the numbers of marriages after 1980 and the number reached 2 million by 2000. Divorces decreased slightly from 1. million in 1990 to 1 million in 2000. The year 1980 witnessed the greatest number of divorces and meanwhile, the number of divorces in 2000 drew even with that in 1970. As we look at the other chart, we see that the percentages of those who were never married increased from 14% to 20% and those who chose to end their marriages by divorce increased fro m 1% to 9% by 2000. In terms of the other two categories, namely, married and widowed, the figures for 1970 were higher than those for 2000. The percentage of married decreased from 70% to 60% and those widowed decreased from 6% to 5% over the years. This ends my report. 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 1970 1980 1990 2000 millions Marriages Divorces 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Never married MarriedWidowedDivorced Percentage of adults 1970 2000 kiransielts. blogspot. com 25 Cambridge 7 test 1 The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries in 2002. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category 2002 Country Food/Drinks/tobacco Clothing/Footwear Leisure/Education Ireland 28. 91% 6. 43% 2. 21% Italy 16. 6% 9. 00% 3. 20% Spain 18. 80% 6. 51% 1. 98% Sweden 15. 77% 5. 40% 3. 22% Turkey 32. 14% 6. 63% 4. 35% The given table illustra tes the amount of money spent by the Irish, Italians, Spanish, Swedes and Turks on different items in 2002. Overall, it can be seen that people of all countries spent the maximum on food/drinks and tobacco and the minimum on leisure and education. The people of Turkey spent approximately a third of their income (32. 14%) on food, drink and tobacco which was closely followed by the people of Ireland at 28. 91%. The Italians, Spanish and Swedes spent 15-20 % on these items. The Italians outstripped all others in spending on clothing and footwear. They spent 9% on these items whereas all others spent between 5% and 7% on these items. All the countries spent the least amount on leisure and education (less than 5%). However the Spanish spent below 2% on these which was the lowest among all. It can be said that in 2002, the consumer expenditure on various items had some similarities and some differences. kiransielts. blogspot. com 26 Cambridge 7 test 2 The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given line graph illustrates the changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004. In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams). However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams. Therefore, although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable. The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week. Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 27 Cambridge 7 test 3 The chart below shows information about changes in average house prices in five different cities between 1990 and 2002 compared with the average house prices in 1989. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentage change in average house prices in five cities 1990-2002 compared with 1989 The given column graph illustrates the changes in average house prices in five different cities located in five different countries from 1990 to 2002 as compared to the prices in 1989. There were considerable variations in the average house prices over the period. During the period from 1990 to 1995, the average house prices fell significantly by 5% in New York(U. S. A. ), 7. 5% each in Tokyo(Japan) and London(U. K. ) whereas the average house prices increased slightly by 2% and 2. 5% in Madrid (Spain) and Frankfurt(Germany) respectively. In the next seven year period, the average house prices fell only in Tokyo by 5% whereas the prices increased in all other four cities. The increase was most pronounced in London, where it was 12%. In all other cities it was below 5%, the least (2%) being in Frankfurt. It is clear that the average house prices picked up most in the latter seven years of this 12 year period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 28 Cambridge 7 test 4 The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given pie charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France. In 1980 in Australia, a total of 100 units of electricity were produced out of which half the amount of electricity was produced from coal and the rest was produced from natural gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal was used to produce more than 75% of electricity and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%. A negligible amount (2 units each) was produced from oil and natural gas. In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000, nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant. Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power. kiransielts. blogspot. com 29 GRAPHS FROM IELTS BOOKS Step up to IELTS The pictures below show how someone can be tracked using an electronic tracking device. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown. The diagram illustrates how an electronic tracking device can be fitted to someones clothing or hidden in a bag, in order to allow that person to be tracked and located. There are three basic stages to the process. The first stage in the tracking process is to hide the device (the tracker) in an appropriate place such as a bag or the person’s clothing. The location of the device is monitored by satellite. A message is transmitted from the device to a transmission tower. It is received and then re-transmitted as a text message to a mobile phone indicating exactly where the person is. His or her location can also be picked up on a computer / internet website. The device is able to provide details such as the name of the street or pinpoint a specific place on a map/screen. A device of this nature could be very effective as a means of tracking and locating someone such as a school child. kiransielts. blogspot. com 30 Step up to IELTS The diagram below contains information about distribution of water usage in Australia and the average household water usage in Australia. Write a report for a university lecturer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. A. Distribution of water usage in Australia B. Average household water usage in Australia The given column graph and pie chart relate to different aspects of water consumption in Australia. The column graph provides an overview of how water is used generally, whereas the pie chart gives a breakdown of household water usage. From the column graph we can see that a slightly higher percentage of water goes on irrigation than on urban usage, 45 per cent in fact, while the proportion of water used in industry is approximately 10 per cent, is far smaller than in either of these other areas. From the chart we can see that by far the largest proportion of domestic water, well over 50% in fact, goes into gardens and swimming pools. Drinking and cooking account for a smaller volume of water consumption than personal hygiene and clothes washing, which together make up about 25%. A very small percentage of water is used for other purposes which are not identified in the chart. When read together, the two charts provide a useful overview of water use in Australia. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Urban usage Irrigation Industry Other Purposes for which water is used ( is shown as percentage of total) Gardens / wimming pools personal hygeine washing clothes drinking / cooking Other Gardens / swimming pools personal hygeine washing clothes drinking / cooking Other kiransielts. blogspot. com 31 Step up to IELTS The diagrams below contain information about land and light penetration under the ocean. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The two diagrams illustrate the shape and formation of the land under the sea. The first profile provides a cross section of the coast of a continent beneath the surface of the sea, and illustrates that the continental shelf oes to a depth of approximately 200 metres below sea level. The land then drops abruptly to the bottom of the ocean, which is known as the sea floor. The second diagram focuses on the depth of the ocean and the amount of light that penetrates to the bottom. Sea level is shown as 0 m and the first 200 m below the surface is referred to as the sunlight zone. This is where the continental shelf ends. Below this is the twilight zone, which descends for 800 m. The water temperature shown is approximately 5 °C in this zone. The area between 1000 m and 4000 m is known as the dark zone, with a water temperature of I-2 °C. Almost no light can penetrate this far down. Profile across the sea coast of a continent (not to scale) Depth zones of the ocean kiransielts. blogspot. com 32 Step up to IELTS The chart and graph below give information about sales and share prices for Coca-Cola. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Two graphs are given. The pie chart shows the worldwide distribution of sales of Coca-Cola in the year 2000 and the line graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001. In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17. 1 billion cases of their fizzy drink product worldwide. The largest consumer was North America, where 30. 4 per cent of the total volume was purchased. The second largest consumer was Latin America. Europe and Asia purchased 20. 5 and 16. 4 per cent of the total volume respectively, while Africa and the Middle East remained fairly small consumers at 7 per cent of the total volume of sales. Form the line graph it is clear that since 1996, share prices for Coca-Cola have fluctuated. In that year, shares were valued at approximately $35. Between 1996 and 1997, however, prices rose significantly to $70 per share. They dipped a little in mid-1997 and then peaked at $80 per share in mid-98. From then until 2000 their value fell consistently but there was a slight rise in mid-2000. This ends my report. North America , 30. 4 Latin America, 25. 7 Europe, 20. 5 Asia, 16. 4 Africa and Middle East, 7 A lot of bottles -Coca-Colas unit case volume by region, 2000, % of total ( Total -17. 1 bn) kiransielts. blogspot. com 33 Step up to IELTS The chart below gives information about global sales of games software, CDs and DVD or video. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information. ? You should write at least 150 words. ? You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The given column graph shows the sales of video material / DVDs, games software and CDs around the world in billions of dollars from 2000 to 2003. It can be seen that the sales of videos / DVDs and games software increasedconsiderably, while the sales of CDs went down slightly over the three year period. Between 2000 and 2003, the sale of videos and DVDs rose by approximately 13 billion dollars. In 2000, just under 20 billion dollars worth of these items were sold, but in 2003, this figure had risen to a little over 30 billion dollars. The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply. Sales increased from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later. By contrast, during the same time period, the sale of CDs fell from 35 billion dollars in 2000 to about 32. 5 billion dollars in 2003. kiransielts. blogspot. com 34 Step up to IELTS The tables below show average yearly temperatures and rainfall for two cities in Australia. Describe the charts and make comparisons where relevant. Average yearly temperatures and rainfall for Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia Brisbane climate Jan. Apr. July Oct. Max ° C 29 27 21 26 Min ° C 21 17 11 16 Rainfall mm 169 86 66 102 Rainy days 14 11 7 10 Melbourne climate Jan. Apr. July Oct. Max ° C 26 20 13 20 Min ° C 14 11 4 9 Rainfall mm 48 57 49 67 Rainy days 8 12 15 14 The given tables compare the average annual temperatures and rainfall for two cities Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia. It can be seen from the tables that there are some similarities and some differences in the climates. Brisbane and Melbourne have similar climates. However, we can see from the information provided that Brisbane is warmer than Melbourne although the differences in temperature are not huge. One interesting point is that the temperature in Brisbane never falls below 11 ° C, even in winter in July. Melbourne on the other hand experiences colder winters with average minimum temperatures as low as 4 °. Both Melbourne and Brisbane have good annual rainfall. Brisbane, however, receives almost twice as much rain as Melbourne, while it has fewer wetter days. The wettest months in both cities are January and October, although neither city has a totally dry season, according to the data. So we can see that the climates of both cities have some similarities and some variations. iransielts. blogspot. com 35 Step up to IELTS The graph below shows the world oil production since 1980 with a forecast till 2020. Write a report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The graph gives the past, present and future data concerning the production of the world’s oil in OPEC and non-OPEC countries. The figures show that while the production of oil in Middle Eastern OPEC countries is predicted to increase co nsiderably, oil production elsewhere is likely to fall. Between 1980 and 2000, most of the world’s oil came from non-OPEC countries; only two million barrels were produced by OPEC countries. Since then these figures have changed considerably. Between 2000 and 2010, it is shown that approximately 10 million has come from Middle Eastern OPEC countries, while a further 10 million barrels has been provided by other OPEC or non-OPEC countries. It is predicted that oil production is likely to stabilise between 2010 and 2020. However, a lot more of this oil is expected to come from the Middle Eastern OPEC countries, and under 5 million barrels per day from other areas. 0 5 10 15 20 1980-2000 2000-2010 2010-2020 Forecast in the world oil production -million barrels / day Non OPEC Other OPEC OPEC Middle east kiransielts. blogspot. com 36 Prepare for IELTS – AC The following diagram shows nitrogen sources and concentration levels in the groundwater of a coastal city. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. This diagram shows the sources and concentration levels of nitrogen in the groundwater of a coastal city. It can be seen from the diagram that nitrogen is oxidised by lightning or fixed by vegetation. Domestic wastes and fertilizers used in gardens also add to the nitrogen in the water table. Industries add nitrogen through leaks from storage tanks and wastewater ponds, and the disposal of waste in landfills may lead to more nitrogen entering the water table. The heaviest concentration of nitrogen comes from industry, from household liquid waste, and from landfill. The groundwater flows toward the sea and discharges into the ocean in the groundwater discharge zone. From the water table, some nitrogen is taken up by soil particles. Nitrogen is also added back to the soil by de-nitrification and degassing of ammonia. Therefore the concentration tends to decrease near the saltwater interface and between the areas of high concentration of nitrogen which descend from industry and waste disposal. In this way the nitrogen cycle goes on. kiransielts. blogspot. com 37 Prepare for IELTS – AC – Insearch The table below shows consumer preferences for the features of automatic washing machines in different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. EXHIBIT ONE: CONSUMER PREFERENCES AS TO AUTOMATIC WASHING MACHINE FEATURES, BY COUNTRY FEATURES UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY FRANCE SWEDEN Shell dimensions [height and width] 34 narrow 34 wide 34 narrow 34 wide Drum material Enamel Stainless steel Enamel Stainless steel Loading Top Front Front Front Capacity 5 kilos 6 kilos 5 kilos 6 kilos Spin speed 700 rpm 850 rpm 600 rpm 800 rpm Water heating system Yes No No Yes Styling features Inconspicuous appearance Indestructible appearance Elegant appearance Strong appearance Washing action Agitator Tumble Agitator Tumble The table shows consumer preferences for washing machines in four different European countries. In the United Kingdom [UK) and France consumers prefer 34 and narrow shells whereas in Germany and Sweden they prefer 34 and wide shells. The load capacity varies slightly between 5 and 6 kilos. The preferred spin speed ranges from 850 rpm [Germany], 800 rpm [Sweden], 700 rpm [UK], to 600 rpm [France]. The preferred drum material is enamel in the UK and France whereas it is stainless steel in the other countries. Consumers in every country except the UK prefer front loading to top loading machines. The British and the Swedes opt for a water heating system, but this is not so elsewhere. Each country has a different preference for styling features, the British favouring an inconspicuous appearance, the Germans requiring a machine which looks indestructible, the French an elegant machine and the Swedes a strong-looking machine. The final feature, the washing action, sees a division between the UK and France where consumers prefer an agitator, and the other countries where a tumble action is preferred. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 38 Prepare for IELTS – AC – Insearch The following graphs give information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment sectors of a developing country. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Sectoral distribution of employment and GDP,1992 Employment GDP Natural Resources 77. 4% 19. 2% Industry 3. 6% 15. 4% Services Trade, restaurants, hotels 4. 9% 37. 1% Transport. communication 1. 6% 8. 4% Government 8. 7% 12. 5% Other 3. 8% 7. 4% TOTAL 100% 100% The table shows the percentage of people employed in different sectors of the economy in 1992, and the percentage of GDP which they produced. The main economic sectors are natural resources, industry and services. The line graph shows the trends in the percentage of GDP between 1986 and 1995. The first graph reveals that although 77. 4% of the population worked in natural resources in 1992, they produced only 19. 2% of GDP. However, the 3. 6% of the population who worked in industry produced 15. 4% of GDP, and the 15. 2% who worked in the service sector produced 58% of GDP. The second graph shows that the percentage of GDP in the services sector fell steadily from approximately 65% to 53%. In 1986 natural resources provided more than 25% of GDP, but this declined to less than 20% in 1992, recovered in 1993 but fell below 20% in 1995. Industry earned less than 10% of GDP in 1986, but rose to almost 20% in 1995. The two graphs reveal that GDP was earned primarily by the service sector. kiransielts. blogspot. com 39 Prepare for IELTS – AC – Insearch The graphs below show the enrolment of overseas students and local students in Australian universities over a ten year period. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Enrolments 1989-1999 The two graphs show student enrolment trends over a ten-year period, from 1989-1999, in Australian universities. The first graph illustrates overseas student enrolments and the second local student enrolments. The first graph clearly shows that new overseas students continue to enrol in Australian universities. In 1999 there were approximately 80,000 overseas students [around half of whom were new students). The rate of increase in the number of overseas students has been dramatic, doubling every five years, from just under 9,000 in 1989, to 20,000 in 1994 and then over 40,000 in 1999. The local student population was around 600,000 in 1999 with just 200,000 of these being new students. This was just 33% of the local total. It was a significant decline from 50% ten years before, when the total local student population was 400,000 out of which approximately 200,000 were new students. The trends clearly demonstrate that growth can be expected to continue from overseas students but not for local students. The two graphs clearly demonstrate increasing demand for Australian university education by overseas students [increasing 400%] with a significantly smaller increase by local students [just 50%J for this period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 40 Prepare for IELTS – AC – Insearch The graphs below show the post-school qualifications held by Australians in the age groups 25 to 34 and 55 to 69. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting main features, and make comparisons where relevant. POST SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS 357,500 Australians aged between 25 and 34 hold a degree. Their main fields of study were: 104,800 Australians aged between 55 and 69 hold a degree. Their main fields of study were: These two pie charts show the differences between two groups of Australians [25 to 34 and 55 to 69 year olds] in terms of their post-school qualifications. The most striking feature of the pie charts is the huge number of people with qualifications. The younger group is more than three times bigger than the older group [347,500 compared to 104,800). Comparing the two groups, architecture and medicine were less popular with younger graduates; medicine was lower in popularity by almost 4%. However, the biggest loss was to engineering, which was preferred by 19. 27% of the older age group as compared to 9. 35% of the younger age group. Some subjects were more popular with the younger age group. The biggest gains in graduate numbers were made by Science, Maths and Computers which, as a group, were held by 18. 19%. Administration was 4. 1% more popular in the 25 to 34 year olds. To sum up, the graphs show that the number of young graduates were threefold more than the number of older graduates. Social Sciences, Arts, 19. 48% other, 2. 24% law, 5. 54% medicine, 7. 40% Architecture, 1. 85% Engineering, 9. 36% Veterinary, Agriculture, 2. 10% Science, Mths, Computers, 18. 19 % Education, 14. 76% Administration, 19. 08% Social Sciences, Arts, 20. 42% other, 2. 48% law, 3. 34% medicine, 11. 31% Architecture, 2. 92% Engineering, 19. 7% Veterinary, Agriculture, 2. 00% Science, Mths, Computers, 10. 11 % Education, 13. 17% Administration, 14. 98% kiransielts. blogspot. com 41 Ac task 1 High Impact The graph shows typical levels in enthusiasm, confidence and ability of students attending a ten week IELTS class. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given be low. The given line graph shows the changes in three factors affecting students over a ten week period in an IELTS class. Overall it can be seen that ability increases a lot over the ten week period and confidence also increases but enthusiasm drops over the time. The most striking point is that at the beginning of the course, students enthusiasm is almost 100 per cent whereas confidence and ability are only slightly above 20 per cent. Over the first four weeks, both confidence and ability increase, while enthusiasm declines steadily until the sixth week. Confidence takes a sharp fall but then rises